Understanding Winter Dormancy in Grass Types

Close-up of dormant grass blades exhibiting winter coloration

Intro

Winter dormancy in grass species is a crucial aspect of ecological adaptation and landscape management that deserves close examination. This process involves significant physiological changes as grasses prepare for the harsh effects of colder temperatures and reduced sunlight. Understanding how this dormancy occurs can help land managers and enthusiasts create healthier landscapes that promote biodiversity and soil health during these dormant periods.

As temperatures drop, many grass types cease growth and enter a state of dormancy, which remains in effect until favorable conditions return. Factors like weather, species characteristics, and environmental stressors all influence this cycle. It is essential to grasp the nuances of this phenomenon to ensure the continued health of grasslands, lawns, and sports fields.

In this article, we will explore the physiological changes that accompany winter dormancy, the different grass species that exhibit this behavior, and the broader implications for land management. We aim to provide practical insights for maintaining healthy landscapes even when grasses are not actively growing.

Key Concepts and Terminology

Understanding the terminology surrounding winter dormancy is foundational before diving into the particularities of various grass types.

Basic Definitions

At its core, winter dormancy refers to a period when grasses halt metabolic activity, preserving resources in response to cold weather. During this timeframe, water uptake decreases and photosynthesis diminish significantly—this is a survival strategy that grass species utilize to endure adverse conditions.

Historical Context

Historically, grasslands have adapted to seasonal changes due to natural selection. With evolving agricultural practices, understanding these adaptations has become increasingly vital. Agricultural practices that respect the dormancy cycles can lead to healthier ecosystems and more robust soils.

"Recognizing the dormancy periods of grass species can empower land managers to make better choices for the environment."

The historical progress in grass management techniques has shaped our contemporary understanding of effective practices for preserving landscape integrity during dormant seasons.

Recent Innovations and Trends

Innovations in land management and agricultural practices intersect significantly with our understanding of grass dormancy.

Technological Advancements

Today, technology plays a role in monitoring grass health and environmental conditions. Tools such as soil sensors and climate modeling software provide insights into when grasses will enter dormancy. This technology can lead to more informed decision-making for land management.

Sustainable Practices

Sustainable practices increasingly integrate knowledge of grass dormancy. Crop rotation, cover cropping, and putting fallow areas to rest during winter months help maintain soil health while respecting the biological rhythms of grasses.

Practical Applications and Techniques

Understanding the practical implications of winter dormancy can enhance lawn care and management strategies.

Step-by-step Guides

Soil Testing: Conduct soil tests before the onset of winter. This ensures the pH and nutrient levels are optimal for grass growth as dormancy ends.
Appropriate Fertilization: Avoid using harsh chemicals during dormancy. Instead, aim for organic fertilizers that can improve soil quality when growth resumes.
Mulching: Apply organic mulch to protect the soil and maintain moisture levels throughout the winter.

Case Studies

Examining specific examples of successful grass management during winter dormancy can yield valuable insights. For instance, many golf courses utilize specialized techniques to manage their greens during dormancy phases effectively. By employing certain turf management practices, they achieve optimal recovery when growing seasons return.

By grasping the complexities associated with winter dormancy in grass types, land managers can better preserve and enhance the landscapes entrusted to them.

Intro to Grass Dormancy

Winter dormancy in grasses is an intriguing aspect of plant physiology. Understanding this phenomenon is crucial for anyone engaged in agriculture or landscaping. This section will explore dormancy, from its definition to its essential role in ecosystems. Grass dormancy presents a unique way for these plants to cope with adverse conditions. It allows grasses to survive extreme temperatures and limited water availability without significant loss of vigor.

Definition of Dormancy

Dormancy refers to a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and physical activity are temporarily halted. For grasses, winter dormancy is triggered by declining temperatures and reduced daylight. During dormancy, metabolic processes slow down significantly. Grasses conserve energy, allowing them to endure until favorable conditions return.

This state can vary among different grass species. Some may enter dormancy earlier than others, influenced by their genetic makeup and local climate conditions. It is a strategic response, ensuring survival during harsh winters and preparing for renewed growth in spring.

Importance of Grass in Ecosystems

Grasses play a pivotal role in various ecosystems. They serve numerous functions, including supporting soil structure, preventing erosion, and providing habitat for various species. Without grasses, many terrestrial ecosystems would struggle to maintain their health and biodiversity.

Benefits of Grass to Ecosystems:

Soil Stabilization: Grass roots bind the soil, reducing erosion and enhancing its health.
Carbon Sequestration: Grasses absorb carbon dioxide, helping mitigate climate change effects.
Habitat Provision: Many insects, mammals, and birds rely on grasses for food and shelter.

Illustration of grass root systems during dormancy

In summary, understanding grass dormancy is not merely an academic exercise. It has practical implications for land management and ecosystem health. Recognizing how these plants interact with their environment can lead to more effective strategies for maintaining healthy landscapes.

Physiology of Grass during Dormancy

Understanding the physiology of grass during dormancy is crucial for farmers and land managers. Grass species exhibit remarkable adaptations in response to seasonal changes, particularly winter dormancy. This period is characterized by slowed metabolic processes, which helps the plants conserve energy and survive harsh environmental conditions.

By studying these physiological changes, we can appreciate the resilience of grass, which contributes to ecosystem stability and productivity.

Metabolic Changes

During winter dormancy, grasses undergo significant metabolic changes. The most prominent alteration is the reduction in metabolic rate. This decrease is typically triggered by a series of environmental cues, including lower temperatures and reduced daylight hours. As the temperatures drop, grasses shift their internal processes to prioritize survival over growth.

Energy Conservation: The grass reduces its energy consumption drastically. Instead of actively growing, the plant conserves energy reserves stored in root systems.
Decreased Photosynthesis: Although some photosynthesis may continue at very low rates, the overall process is significantly reduced. The chlorophyll degrades, and leaf production ceases. This adaptation allows the grass to minimize resource use during unfavorable conditions.
Utilization of Stored Resources: Grasses rely on their stored carbohydrates and nutrients. This is crucial to survive the dormancy period, as external nutrient uptake is limited during winter.

Response to Environmental Conditions

The ability of grass to respond to environmental conditions is fundamental during dormancy. Several factors play into this responsiveness, and they can be discussed as follows:

Temperature: Grasses are sensitive to temperature changes, which influence their physiological state. When temperatures fall below specific thresholds, grasses enter dormancy, protecting themselves against frost damage.
Moisture Levels: Availability of water is another crucial element. In the absence of water, grasses can enter a state of dormancy to prevent dehydration. This is especially important in regions experiencing prolonged dry spells.
Light: Daylight hours serve as a signal for grasses. As days grow shorter in winter, it influences the physiological processes, leading to dormancy.

Grasses exhibit an intrinsic ability to sense these conditions, allowing them to maximize their chances of survival until more favorable growth conditions return.

"Grass is more than just a ground cover; it is an adaptive organism capable of remarkable physiological transformations."

Common Types of Grasses That Go Dormant

Understanding the types of grasses that exhibit dormancy during winter is crucial for land management and landscaping strategies. Different grass types have unique requirements and characteristics, influencing their response to seasonal changes. Knowledge about these varieties helps farmers and grass enthusiasts effectively plan for lawn care and habitat management.

Cool-Season Grasses

Cool-season grasses thrive in moderate temperatures and typically enter dormancy when temperatures drop significantly. This group includes Kentucky Bluegrass, Perennial Ryegrass, and Tall Fescue. These grasses exhibit specific advantages and considerations, making them popular choices depending on the region.

Kentucky Bluegrass

Kentucky Bluegrass is a prevalent grass type known for its lush appearance and dense growth. It has excellent cold tolerance, which allows it to survive and enter dormancy during harsh winter conditions. One key characteristic of Kentucky Bluegrass is its deep root system, providing stability and access to moisture even in difficult weather scenarios.

The primary benefit of this grass is its rich green color and ability to repair itself easily. However, it can struggle in extreme heat, making it less ideal for regions with high summer temperatures. Its slow germination rate is another disadvantage, requiring patience during establishment.

Perennial Ryegrass

Perennial Ryegrass is valued for its rapid establishment and fine texture. This grass type is often used for quick patches in lawns due to its fast germination. Its key characteristic is its adaptability to cooler climates. This adaptability makes it a suitable choice for transitional zones.

Perennial Ryegrass performs well in cooler seasons but becomes dormant and less aggressive under high heat or drought conditions. It can also require more frequent watering, especially in the summer months, making attention to hydration essential.

Tall Fescue

Tall Fescue displays unique features that equip it for various climates. Its deep roots enable it to access water and nutrients deeper in the soil compared to some other grass types. This makes it a suitable choice for drought-prone areas. One of the major advantages of Tall Fescue is its tolerance to both cold and heat, providing year-round coverage.

On the downside, Tall Fescue may develop clumping as it matures, which can hurt its aesthetic appeal for some homeowners. It can also be coarse in texture compared to Kentucky Bluegrass or Perennial Ryegrass, affecting the overall look of the lawn.

Warm-Season Grasses

Warm-season grasses grow best in warmer temperatures and become dormant when the cold sets in. They include varieties like Bermudagrass, Zoysiagrass, and Buffalograss. Each type brings its own strength and adaptability, attracting attention in warmer regions.

Bermudagrass

Bermudagrass is among the most popular warm-season grasses, especially in the southern United States. One key aspect of Bermudagrass is its high tolerance for heat and drought, allowing it to thrive in sunny areas that may experience little water. Its aggressive growth helps establish a dense, resilient lawn.

However, this invasiveness can also pose problems as it may encroach on beds and other unwanted areas. Further, Bermudagrass requires regular maintenance, including mowing and fertilization, in order to retain its best appearance.

Zoysiagrass

Zoysiagrass combines resilience and beauty as a warm-season option. Its key characteristic lies in its dense growth that withstands both heat and foot traffic. Zoysiagrass stabilizes soil and prevents erosions.

Contrastingly, Zoysiagrass has a slow growth rate during establishment and may take longer to fill in compared to Bermudagrass. Similar to its counterpart, it also appears brown during winter dormancy, which may be undesirable for some landscapes.

Buffalograss

Buffalograss is ideal for low-maintenance lawns due to its drought-resistant nature. This grass type has a unique feature of requiring minimal water once established, making it an excellent choice for arid regions. Buffalograss thrives in direct sunlight, but also adapts well to partial shade.

Diagram showing different grass species and their responses to winter dormancy

Despite these benefits, Buffalograss may not be as lush as others, which can be seen as a disadvantage for certain homeowners. Its limited tolerance to cold can affect its performance in cooler climates.

By understanding these common grasses, land managers can better prepare for their dormancy and recovery, ensuring a healthier and more sustainable landscape.

Reasons for Grass Dormancy

Understanding the reasons why grass enters dormancy during the winter months provides insight into its survival strategies and adaptability. Grass species have evolved over time to cope with varying environmental conditions, and dormancy acts as a crucial mechanism for enduring unfavorable climates. By examining the factors that trigger dormancy, we can appreciate grass's resilience and its role within ecosystems. This section outlines the primary reasons for grass dormancy: response to low temperatures and water availability.

Response to Low Temperatures

Grass species have specialized mechanisms that allow them to percept environmental changes, particularly temperature fluctuations. When temperatures drop significantly, grass plants sense this change through physiological responses. Cold temperatures cause metabolic processes to slow down, which reduces growth activity. This is particularly crucial in cool-season grasses like Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass.

In response to low temperatures, grasses undergo various adaptations. These include the accumulation of sugars and other compounds within their cells, which can help prevent cellular damage caused by freezing. The grass can thus conserve energy by reducing its metabolic rate and minimizing nutrient uptake during these harsh months.

Moreover, a significant reduction in photosynthesis contributes to dormancy. When light and temperature are insufficient, grass cannot produce the food necessary for growth. The stored energy provides sustenance until warmer conditions return. These adaptations not only ensure the plant's survival but also maintain the ecosystem's balance during winter months.

Water Availability

Water is another critical factor influencing grass dormancy. In many regions, winter often comes alongside lower precipitation levels. Grasses respond to this lack of available water by entering a dormant state. This response is a survival strategy aimed at conserving resources. When the soil moisture declines, roots cannot absorb enough water to maintain growth. As a result, grasses will reduce their activity and enter dormancy to avoid desiccation and death.

The relationship between grass dormancy and water availability is nuanced. In areas where the soil remains moist, grasses may continue to grow even in lower temperatures. However, when drought conditions prevail, grasses will rely on their ability to withstand dormancy until optimal conditions return. This characteristic further underscores the importance of water management in agriculture, as the consequences of drought can significantly influence grass health and productivity.

"Grass dormancy serves as a natural defense mechanism that allows plants to endure periods of extreme environmental stress."

In summary, the reasons for grass dormancy, including the response to low temperatures and low water availability, are essential for understanding how grass species adapt and survive through the seasons. These mechanisms not only reflect the resilience of grasses but also highlight the interconnectedness of plant survival strategies and environmental conditions. By acknowledging these reasons, we can make better decisions regarding land management and agricultural practices, ultimately enhancing our understanding of grass ecosystems.

Impact of Grass Dormancy on Soil Health

The impact of grass dormancy on soil health is significant and multifaceted. When grasses enter a dormant state during winter months, their physiological changes have various consequences for the soil ecosystem. This section examines how dormancy can be beneficial, particularly in terms of soil erosion prevention and nutrient cycling.

Soil Erosion Prevention

Dormant grasses play a crucial role in preventing soil erosion. Their root systems remain anchored in the ground, which helps to stabilize soil and reduce the risk of erosion caused by wind and water. With the blades of grass not actively growing, they still provide soil cover, which protects the ground from the full force of winter elements.

Reduced Surface Runoff: The presence of dormant grass creates a barrier that lessens the impact of rain on the soil surface, thus minimizing runoff. This means less soil is displaced, retaining essential topsoil where nutrients are concentrated.
Soil Structure Maintenance: Grasses, even when dormant, assist in maintaining soil structure. Their roots create channels that promote water infiltration. This is especially important in winter when the ground may be more prone to compaction.
Biomass Contribution: As dormant grasses eventually decompose, they contribute organic matter back into the soil. This natural process enhances the soil's structure and helps maintain moisture retention, reducing erosion further.

Nutrient Cycling

Grass dormancy has benefits for nutrient cycling as well. Understanding these processes is essential for effective land management. Dormant grasses manage the ecosystem’s nutrient levels through various biological actions.

Stored Nutrients: During active growth phases, grasses absorb a sizable amount of nutrients from the soil. Once dormant, these nutrients are temporarily stored within the plants. When the grasses reinitiate growth in spring, they release these nutrients back into the soil, thus enhancing soil fertility.
Microbial Activity: Dormancy influences soil microbial communities. While grasses are inactive, soil microorganisms do not stop functioning. They continue to break down organic materials and convert these into forms that plants can utilize once they resume growth.
Soil Amendments: During dormancy, the breakdown of plant materials can help to enrich the soil with necessary elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus. This natural cycling process contributes to maintaining healthy soil, which is critical for successful agriculture and landscaping.

"Grass dormancy is not just a phase of rest; it's a strategic part of the ecosystem that ensures soils remain healthy and stable."

Understanding the impact of grass dormancy on soil health helps land managers make informed decisions. By appreciating the significance of preventing erosion and optimizing nutrient cycling, farmers and enthusiasts can promote sustainable practices that benefit both grass and soil health.

Biodiversity and Grass Dormancy

Understanding the interplay between biodiversity and grass dormancy is crucial not only for ecological balance but also for effective land management. Grass species serve as foundational elements in many ecosystems, providing habitat and food for various forms of wildlife. During winter dormancy, grasses undergo significant changes, influencing the broader biodiversity within their habitats.

One important aspect is that dormant grasses often support various animal species. This dormant state offers refuge and nesting sites for different wildlife, including insects, birds, and small mammals. The dense structure of dormant grass can trap snow, creating a thermal barrier that protects the organisms underneath from harsh winter conditions. Furthermore, dormant grassland also retains moisture and prevents soil erosion, which contributes to preserving the habitat quality over time.

Habitat for Wildlife

During the dormancy period, grasses offer critical habitat for wildlife. Many birds rely on the dense cover of dormant grass to conceal their nests and young. This protective factor is essential for their survival, as it shields them from predators. Insects like beetles and ants also find refuge in the carbohydrate-rich roots of dormant grasses, which are vital for their life cycles. The presence of these insects creates a food web that supports the growth of various other species.

Grassy areas that are allowed to go dormant preserve vital ecological interactions. These interactions are important for maintaining populations of species that rely on grasslands. For example, certain species of rabbits and other rodents depend on grasses for food. During winter, when temperatures drop, these animals might depend on the underground parts of grasses, which remain alive and intact. This interdependency emphasizes the significant role that dormant grasses play in sustaining wildlife.

Plant Competition and Stability

Dormant grasses also play a role in plant competition and ecosystem stability. The presence of a healthy and diverse grass population can mitigate the spread of invasive species. When native grasses are allowed to enter dormancy, they conserve energy and maintain resources that suppress potential invasives. This stability is crucial, as invasives often outcompete native species for light, nutrients, and water.

Moreover, grass dormancy supports biodiversity by facilitating a balance of plant species within an ecosystem. The competition among a diverse array of grasses can lead to a healthier landscape with more resilience to pests and diseases. When certain grass species enter dormancy while others remain active, it creates a dynamic environment conducive to various life forms. Once spring arrives, these grasses awaken in a staggered manner, contributing to a lush, diverse ecosystem.

Maintaining Healthy Grassy Areas in Winter

Maintaining healthy grassy areas in winter is crucial for the overall health of the lawn. During this dormant phase, grasses require special care to ensure they can survive the cold temperatures and still thrive come spring. Proper maintenance helps prevent winter injury, promotes robust growth in warmer months, and sustains soil health. In addition, healthy grass areas reduce erosion, contribute positively to the local ecosystem, and improve aesthetic value.

Mowing Practices

Landscape view of a lawn transitioning into winter dormancy

Mowing may seem counterintuitive during winter months, but it plays a pivotal role in maintaining grass health. Grass should ideally remain unmown for the majority of winter. However, if the grass grows too tall, mowing can help prevent the weight of snow and ice from crushing the grass blades. Here are some basic points about mowing practices:

Mow at a higher setting: Keeping the mower blades higher ensures that grass retains enough leaf surface to capture sunlight, even in winter.
Avoid wet grass: Mowing wet grass can lead to uneven cuts and create clumps that promote disease.
Use sharp blades: Dull blades lead to tearing, rather than clean cuts, which can stress grass.

In addition, it's important to recognize that not all grasses require the same mowing strategy. Cool-season grasses, like Kentucky Bluegrass, can often be kept a little taller than warm-season grasses during the dormant period.

Mulching and Composting

Mulching and composting are two effective strategies for maintaining healthy grassy areas during winter. Both practices not only enrich the soil but also contribute to grass health by balancing moisture levels and providing nutrients over time. Here are key considerations:

Apply mulch carefully: Use organic mulches such as straw or wood chips to help insulate the soil. This keeps the temperature stable and protects roots from freezing conditions.
Utilize compost: Adding compost supplier nutrients back into the soil through microorganisms, which break down organic matter over time. It also supports water retention, allowing grass roots to stay hydrated through dry periods.

Additionally, mulching helps in preventing erosion and controlling weeds. Composting ensures a constant availability of nutrients as the grass emerges from dormancy.

Maintaining grassy areas during winter is not just about survival; it is about setting the stage for a flourishing lawn. The methods of mowing responsibly and employing mulching and composting fosters resilience in grasses. With careful considerations, farmers and enthusiasts can pave the way for lush landscapes come spring.

Post-Dormancy Recovery of Grasses

Understanding the post-dormancy phase of grasses is crucial for agriculture and lawn care. This stage marks a transition from the harsh winter dormancy back to active growth. Recognizing the importance of recovery can lead to healthier grass ecosystems, improved soil health, and more sustainable management strategies.

As winter comes to an end, various factors influence how quickly grass can recover. Weather patterns, soil health, and species type all play significant roles in determining the timing and success of this recovery.

Signs of Recovery

Recognizing the signs of recovery can help farmers and enthusiasts manage their grassy areas more effectively. Some key indicators include:

Green shoots: One of the first signs is the emergence of green blades, which indicate that the grass is waking up from its dormant state.
Increased leaf growth: As temperatures rise and sunlight becomes more abundant, grasses will start to produce new leaves at a faster rate.
Soil moisture levels: Improvement in soil moisture is essential. If the soil feels moist and crumbly rather than dry and compacted, this can be a promising sign of recovery.
Root growth: Healthier root systems provide a stable foundation for grass. Monitoring root health can show if grasses are bouncing back.

These signs may vary depending on the grass species and local climate conditions. Observing these changes closely can help inform care and maintenance routines.

Best Practices for Rejuvenation

To encourage effective recovery, several best practices can be employed. These approaches can optimize grass health and ensure robust regrowth following winter dormancy:

Soil Testing: Conducting a soil test can help determine nutrient levels and pH balance. Based on these results, adjustments can be made to nourish the grasses properly.
Aeration: Aerating the soil allows for better water and nutrient penetration. This process relieves soil compaction, stimulating root growth and overall health.
Fertilization: Applying a balanced fertilizer can promote vigorous growth. A slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is often advantageous in the early stages of recovery.
Adequate Watering: Ensuring that the grass receives enough water is crucial. During the recovery phase, consistent moisture helps facilitate quicker growth and root development.
Mowing Adjustments: Waiting until the grass is established before mowing can reduce stress. When you do mow, keep the blade height higher initially to protect young shoots.
Weed Management: Removing weeds early on helps reduce competition for resources. This can involve both manual removal and the application of selective herbicides.

By implementing these practices, individuals can significantly contribute to the overall health of their grassy areas. Thus, understanding post-dormancy recovery is not just about observing the signs but actively engaging in practices that support successful revitalization.

Key Takeaway: The transition from dormancy to recovery is a critical time for grasses. Awareness of recovery signs and the implementation of best practices can make a substantial difference in outcomes.

Challenges of Grass Dormancy

Winter dormancy poses distinct challenges for grasses that can affect both their health and the ecosystems they support. Understanding these challenges is crucial for farmers, landscapers, and enthusiasts alike. When grass enters dormancy, it may become more susceptible to certain stresses, such as pests and diseases, which can compromise its recovery come spring. Additionally, this period can allow invasive species to flourish, further complicating management and conservation efforts.

Pest and Disease Issues

During the dormant season, grasses often become less vigorous and resilient. This reduced vigor makes them a target for various pests and diseases.

Insects like grubs and aphids can thrive during the winter months when other hosts are scarce. These pests can damage the roots and leaves of grass, leading to significant plant stress.
Fungal diseases, such as snow mold, can also become a problem. These pathogens thrive in cold, damp conditions and can cause extensive damage to dormant grass, affecting its health when it attempts to recover in the spring.

Farmers and gardeners should consider implementing integrated pest management strategies during dormancy. Monitoring grass health and controlling pest populations can prevent larger issues later on. While dormancy can limit pest activity, certain proactive measures can help maintain grass resilience.

Invasive Species

Invasive species often take advantage of the conditions created by dormant grass. With established grasses less active, these non-native plants can establish themselves easily.

Competition for resources such as water and nutrients can hinder the recovery of native grasses.
Certain invasive species can also alter the soil structure and nutrient cycling, making soil less hospitable for dormant native varieties.

Management of invasive species during winter dormancy is crucial. Regular monitoring and removal of invaders can aid in the preservation of local grass types. Consideration of native plant communities can provide essential support in battling invasion.

"Addressing pest and invasive species issues during grass dormancy can lead to more sustainable and vibrant ecosystems."

Epilogue

Summary of Key Points

Physiological Changes: Grasses undergo significant metabolic shifts during dormancy. These alterations help in conserving energy and resources, essential for survival in harsh conditions.
Dormant Grass Types: Different species, such as Kentucky Bluegrass and Bermudagrass, exhibit varying dormancy strategies. Cool-season and warm-season grasses behave differently, leading to diverse management practices.
Environmental Impact: Dormancy supports soil health by preventing erosion and maintaining nutrient cycles. Healthy grasses contribute positively to biodiversity, creating habitats for various organisms.
Challenges: Pests and invasive species can exploit dormant periods. Awareness of these threats enables proactive management to protect local ecosystems.

Future Considerations in Grass Management

As climate conditions evolve, grass management practices must adapt. Here are some considerations:

Climate Adaptation: Understanding how different grasses respond to changing weather patterns can inform future planting and maintenance decisions.
Research on Varieties: Continuous study of diverse grass species and their dormancy traits can lead to the development of more resilient varieties.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Developing strategies that combine biological control and weed management is essential during dormant seasons to minimize ecosystem disruption.
Soil Health Strategies: Innovative practices that enhance soil structure and fertility during and post-dormancy will preserve the integrity of grassy areas.